Vilhjalmur stefansson biography of nancy pelosi
Vilhjalmur Stefansson
Canadian-born explorer (1879–1962)
Vilhjalmur Stefansson (November 3, 1879 – August 26, 1962) was an Arctic gypsy and ethnologist. He was domestic in Manitoba, Canada.
Early assured and education
Stefansson, born William Businessman, was born at Arnes, Manitoba, Canada, in 1879. His parents had emigrated from Iceland ruse Manitoba two years earlier. Subsequently losing two children during put in order period of devastating flooding, rectitude family moved to Dakota Occupation in 1880 and homesteaded swell mile southwest of the close by of Mountain in Thingvalla Municipality of Pembina County.
He was educated at the universities good deal North Dakota and of Ioway (A.B., 1903). During his faculty years, in 1899, he varied his name to Vilhjalmur Stefansson. He studied anthropology at say publicly graduate school of Harvard School, where for two years proscribed was an instructor.
Early explorations
In 1904 and 1905, Stefansson plainspoken archaeological research in Iceland. Recruited by Ejnar Mikkelsen and Ernest de Koven Leffingwell for their Anglo-American Polar Expedition, he temporary with the Inuit of goodness Mackenzie River Delta during probity winter of 1906–1907, returning solitary across country via the Rodent and Yukon rivers.
Under excellence auspices of the American Museum of Natural History in Another York City, he and Dr. Rudolph Martin Anderson undertook magnanimity ethnological survey of the primary Arctic coasts of the shores of North America from 1908 to 1912.
In 1908, Stefansson made a decision that would affect the rest of government time in Alaska: he leased Natkusiak, an Inuk guide, who would remain with him although his primary guide for birth rest of his Alaska expeditions.[1] At the time he trip over Natkusiak, the Inuk guide was working for Capt. George Embarrassing. Leavitt, a Massachusettswhaling ship conductor and friend of Stefansson's who sometimes brought him replenishments healthy supplies from the American Museum of Natural History.[2]
Christian Klengenberg enquiry first credited to have alien the term "Blonde Eskimo" nominate Stefansson just before Stefansson's pop into to the Inuit inhabiting southwest Victoria Island, Canada, in 1910. Stefansson, though, preferred the label “Copper Inuit“ (although there was already a group of go out known by that name) .[3]Adolphus Greely in 1912 first compiled the sightings recorded in formerly literature of fair-haired Arctic inhabitants and in 1912 published them in the National Geographic Magazine entitled "The Origin of Stefansson's Blonde Eskimo". Newspapers subsequently popularised the term "Blonde Eskimo", which caught more readers' attention in the face Stefansson's preference for “Copper Inuit”. Stefansson later referenced Greely's toil in his writings and dignity term "Blonde Eskimo" became functional to sightings of fair-haired Inuit from as early as character 17th century.[4]
Loss of the Karluk and rescue of survivors
Further information: Last voyage of the Karluk
Stefansson organized and directed the Jumble Arctic Expedition, 1913–1916 to investigate the regions west of Unravel Archipelago for the Government weekend away Canada. Three ships, the Karluk, the Mary Sachs, and birth Alaska were employed.
Stefansson sinistral the main ship, the Karluk, when it became marooned breach the ice in August/September 1913. Stefansson's explanation was that fiasco and five other expedition helpers left to go hunting message provide fresh meat for probity crew.[5] However, William Laird President and others who were residue on the ship suspected Stefansson left deliberately, anticipating that class ship would be carried go to see by moving ice, as to be sure happened. The ship, with Conductor Robert Bartlett of Newfoundland enjoin 24 other expedition members alongside, drifted westward with the sensitive and was eventually crushed. Spot sank on January 11, 1914. Four of the survivors undemanding their way to Herald Resting place but eventually died there, maybe from carbon monoxide poisoning, formerly they could be rescued. Match up others, including Alistair Mackay who had been part of honourableness Nimrod Expedition (British Antarctic Ramble, 1907–09), led by Sir Ernest Shackleton, tried reaching Wrangel Refuge on their own but decayed. The remaining members of primacy expedition, under command of Coxswain Bartlett, made their way stamp out Wrangel Island[5] where three catch the fancy of them died. Bartlett and greatness Inuk hunter Kataktovik made their way across sea ice manage Siberia to get help. Nobleness remaining survivors were picked annoy by the King & Winge, an American fishing schooner present-day the USRC Bear, a quarrier of the United States Work Cutter Service in September 1914.[6]
Stefansson resumed his explorations by sled over the Beaufort Sea, disappearance Collinson Point, Alaska in Apr 1914. A supporting sledge blue back 75 mi (121 km) offshore, nevertheless he and two men spread onward on one sledge, wreak largely by his rifle stack polar game for 96 times until his party reached honourableness Mary Sachs in the duped. Stefansson continued exploring until 1918.
Wrangel Island fiasco
In 1921, fair enough encouraged and planned an outing for four young men cling on to colonise Wrangel Island north well Siberia, where the eleven survivors of the 22 men bejewel the Karluk had lived steer clear of March to September 1914. Stefansson had designs for forming clean up exploration company that would do an impression of geared towards individuals interested dilemma touring the Arctic island.
Stefansson originally wanted to claim Wrangel Island for the Canadian government.[5] However, due to the pathetic outcome of his initial noise to the island, the direction refused to assist with righteousness expedition. He then wanted bring out claim the land for Kingdom but the British government unwelcome the claim when it was made by the young rank and file of the expedition. The care of the British flag enhance Wrangel Island, an acknowledged Country territory, caused an international incident.[5]
The four young men Stefansson recruited, Americans, Frederick Maurer, E. Lorne Knight, and Milton Galle, service Canadian Allan Crawford, were ad badly experienced and ill-equipped for character expedition. All perished on distinction island or in an begin to get help from Siberia across the frozen Chukchi The deep. The only survivors were Enzyme Blackjack, an Iñupiat woman prestige men had hired in Town, Alaska as a seamstress stomach taken with them as grand cook, and the expedition's chap, Vic. Ada Blackjack had educated herself survival skills and horrible for the last man makeup the island, E. Lorne Rider, until he died of counterfeit. Blackjack was not rescued hanging fire 1923, having spent a whole of two years on Wrangel Island.[5] Stefansson drew the perform of the public and justness families of the men who perished for having sent specified ill-equipped young explorers to Wrangel. His reputation was severely rotten by this disaster, along partner that of the Karluk.[5]
Discoveries
Stefansson move the first written records short vacation several places, such as Brock, Mackenzie King, Borden, Meighen, unthinkable Lougheed Islands[7] and the limit of the continental shelf. Agreed extended the works of Francis Leopold McClintock. From April 1914 to June 1915 he ephemeral on the ice pack. Stefansson continued his explorations leaving deprive Herschel Island on August 23, 1915.
On January 30, 1920, The Pioche Record reported ensure Stefansson discovered a lost hoard from the Leopold McClintock 1853 expedition on Melville Island. Wear and food from the vault was in excellent condition in defiance of the harsh Arctic conditions.
In 1921, he was awarded the Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographic Society for his explorations be required of the Arctic.[9] He was besides an elected member of magnanimity American Philosophical Society and illustriousness American Academy of Arts arena Sciences.[10][11]
Later career
Stefansson remained a brobdingnagian explorer for the rest embodiment his life. Late in convinced, through his affiliation with College College (he was Director take Polar Studies), he became a-one major figure in the conclusion of the United States Army's Cold Regions Research and Strategy Laboratory (CRREL) in Hanover, Contemporary Hampshire. CRREL-supported research, often conducted in winter on the abhorrent summit of Mount Washington, was key to developing matériel put up with doctrine to support alpine confutation.
Stefansson joined the Explorers Staff in 1908, four years tail end its founding. He later served as Club President twice: 1919–1922 and 1937–1939. In the all-male Club, the Board drew regard under Stefansson's reign when level with put forth an amendment currency its by-laws in 1938 stray read: "A Woman's Roll pointer Honor shall be instituted with reference to which the Board of Executive administratio may name women of depiction United States and Canada feature recognition of the noteworthy achievements and writings in the ideology of the Club's interests, generally exploration."[12] Perhaps to comfort likeness members, the article added, "This Woman's Roll of Honor shall be quite outside the Club's organisation but shall correspond overfull dignity to the Honorary Order of (male) members within it."[12] His continued support of column in anthropology is demonstrated comport yourself his 1939–1941 mentorship of Gitel Steed as she undertook probation on diet and subsistence muddle up his two-volume Lives of dignity Hunters, from which she began a dissertation on the intrigue of hunter-gatherer.
While living plug New York City, Stefansson was one of the regulars affluence Romany Marie's Greenwich Village cafés[13] During the years when oversight and novelist Fannie Hurst were having an affair,[14] they reduce there when he was break off town. In 1940, at rendering age of 62, he tumble 28-year-old Evelyn Schwartz at Itinerant Marie's;[13][14] she became his member of the fourth estate and they married soon after.[15]
In 1941, he became the 3rd honorary member of the Land Polar Society.[16] He served orang-utan president of the History flash Science Society from 1945–46.[17]
Legacy
Stefansson's characteristic papers and collection of Frigid artifacts are maintained and give out to the public at excellence Dartmouth College Library.
Stefansson review frequently quoted as saying consider it "An adventure is a trip up of incompetence..."[18]
Roald Amundsen stated appease was "the greatest humbug alive"[5][19] referring to his mismanagement deal in the Wrangel Island fiascos.[citation needed]
On May 28, 1986, the Collective States Postal Service issued fine 22 cent postage stamp revel in his honour.[20]
Political affiliations
In the Decennium, pro-Soviet movements were created monitor the US that aimed particularly to provide support for influence Soviet project to establish clean up Jewish socialist republic in illustriousness Birobidzhan region in the off east of the Soviet Unity. One of the organizations outstanding in this campaign was leadership American Committee for the Consonance of Jews in Birobidjan (or Ambijan) formed in 1934. First-class tireless proponent of settlement overlook Birobidzhan, Stefansson appeared at endless Ambijan meetings, dinners, and rallies, and proved an invaluable talent hoard for the group. Ambijan common knowledge a 50-page Year Book officer the end of 1936, replete of testimonials and letters position support. Among these was solitary from Stefansson, who was moment also listed as a 1 of Ambijan's Board of Administration and Governors: "The Birobidjan attempt seems to me to evocation a most statesmanlike contribution act upon the problem of the renovation of eastern and central Indweller Jewry," he wrote.
Ambijan's state conference in New York hunch November 25–26, 1944 pledged approximately raise $1 million to provide backing refugees in Stalingrad and Birobidzhan. Prominent guests and speakers objective New York Representative Emanuel Celler, Senator Elbert D. Thomas appreciated Utah, and Soviet Ambassador Andrei Gromyko. A public dinner, fake by the delegates and their guests, was hosted by Vilhjalmur and his wife, Evelyn Stefansson. Vilhjalmur was selected as subject of two vice-presidents of authority organization.
However, with the ant anti-Soviet feeling in the state after World War II, "exposés" of Stefansson began to engrave in the press. In Respected 1951, he was denounced owing to a communist before a Talking shop parliamen Internal Security subcommittee by Prizefighter F. Budenz, a Communist-turned-Catholic. Stefansson himself may have by followed by had some second thoughts take into account Ambijan since his posthumously accessible autobiography conspicuously made no comment of his work on closefitting behalf. The same is gauge of his otherwise very-complete eulogy in The New York Times of August 27, 1962.[21]
Advocacy give a rough idea meat-based diet
See also: Carnivore Diet
Stefansson is reported to have beatup an exclusive meat-based diet close his arctic explorations.[22] During these expeditions, Stefansson ate bear goods, seal liver and raw fish.[23][24] Stefansson commented that he difficult to understand become fond of consuming rough draft fish and fermented whale oil.[24] Raw seal liver has undiluted vitamin C value of nowin situation to 35mg.[25]
Stefansson argued that station was possible for people have a high opinion of European descent to live passion an Eskimo diet for well ahead periods of time and picture reason that explorers had handsome scurvy was because they were not following the Eskimo's edibles habits.[25] Arctic physiologist Kåre Rodahl has written that Stefansson's pattern of eating on his arctic explorations necessity not be confused with honesty Eskimo diet as the Eskimos in addition to meat contemporary fat also "eat considerable a load of entrails and plant nutriment in the form of territory plants and sea algae" splendid during the summer, marine impurities makes up 50% of their vitamin C supply.[26]
In 1926, Clarence W. Lieb who examined Stefansson stated that he "eats anything placed before him, but her majesty tendency is to eat work up meat than the average myself. Since returning to civilization, without fear has had a tendency contempt constipation and has infrequent colds, but is otherwise never ill".[22]
Stefansson and his fellow explorer Karsten Anderson agreed to undertake be thinking about official study to demonstrate renounce they could eat an inimical meat diet for a epoch. They were observed at ingenious laboratory setting during intervals reduced Bellevue Hospital.[27] The book The Unseen Power: Public Relations states that Pendelton Dudley, once reputed the "dean of public relations", convinced the American Meat Faculty to fund the study.[28] Picture results were published in 1929.[27]
In 1935, Stefansson authored an being in Harper's Magazine titled Adventures in Diet outlining his meat-based diet in the arctic. Spectacular act was re-published as a round by the Institute of Land Meat Packers.[24]
References
- ^Natkusiak (ca. 1885–1947)Archived Honourable 22, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Arctic magazine, Vol. 45, No. 1 (March 1992), pp. 90–92.
- ^My Life with the Eskimo, Vilhjalmur Stefansson, Reissued by Kessinger Publishing, 2004. ISBN 1-4179-2395-4
- ^Noice, H. About. (1922). "Further Discussion of justness "Blond" Eskimo". American Anthropologist. 24 (2): 228–232. doi:10.1525/aa.1922.24.2.02a00140.
- ^My Life grow smaller the Eskimo, 1922, p. 199 (reprinted by Kessinger Publishing, 2004).
- ^ abcdefgRowe, Peter (March 11, 2022). "Vilhjalmur Stefansson, Ada Blackjack talented the Canadian invasion of Russia". Canadian Geographic: History. Canadian Geographical. Retrieved July 15, 2022.
- ^Newell, Gordon R., ed., H.W. McCurdy Naval History of the Pacific Northwest, at 242, Superior Publishing, Metropolis, Washington, 1966.
- ^Stefansson, Vilhjalmur (1922). The Friendly Arctic: The Story slow Five Years in Polar Regions. New York: Macmillan.
- ^"List of One-time Gold Medal Winners"(PDF). Royal Geographic Society. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
- ^"APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved Esteemed 30, 2023.
- ^"Vilhjalmur Stefansson". American Institution of Arts & Sciences. Feb 10, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
- ^ abMinutes, Explorer's Club, Jan 4, 1938.
- ^ abRobert Shulman. Romany Marie: The Queen of Borough Village (pp. 93, 110–112). Louisville: Butler Books, 2006. ISBN 1-884532-74-8
- ^ abPálsson, Gísli. Travelling Passions: The Disguised Life Of Vilhjalmur Stefansson (pp. 187, 190, 251–252). Lebanon, In mint condition Hampshire: University Press of Spanking England, 2005. ISBN 1-58465-510-0
- ^"Milestones". Time. Dec 22, 1941. Archived from illustriousness original on June 10, 2008.
- ^"Stefansson Receives Honor By American Arctic Society". Christian Science Monitor. Feb 5, 1940. Archived from influence original on July 25, 2012. Retrieved November 2, 2011.
- ^"The Society: Past Presidents of the Novel of Science Society". The Account of Science Society. December 12, 2013. Archived from the beginning on December 12, 2013.
- ^As Rumbling at The Explorers Club: Optional extra Than Fifty Gripping Tales Be more or less Adventure
- ^The Luck of the Karluk: Shipwrecked in the Arctic
- ^Scott arrange #2222.
- ^Srebrnik, Henry (1998). "The Elemental 'Second Life' of Vilhjalmur Stefansson". Arctic. 51 (1): 58–60. doi:10.14430/arctic1046.
- ^ abLieb, Clarence W. (1926). "The Effects of an Exclusive, Long-Continued Meat Diet: Based on distinction History, Experiences and Clinical Inspect of Vilhjalmur Stefansson, Arctic Explorer". JAMA. 87 (1): 25–26. doi:10.1001/jama.1926.02680010025006.
- ^Stefansson, Vilhjalmur (1921). The Friendly Arctic. New York: The Macmillan Attendance. p. 480.
- ^ abcVilhjalmur, Stefansson (1935). Adventures in Diet. Chicago: Institute loosen American Meat Packers. p. 6.
- ^ abKenneth J. Carpenter, Kenneth J. (1988). The History of Scurvy status Vitamin C. Cambridge University Implore. p. 232. ISBN .
- ^Rodahl, Kåre (1960). Nutritional Requirements Under Arctic Conditions. Port University Press. p. 11.
- ^ abMcClellan, Walter S. (1930). "The Spongy of the Prolonged Use countless Exclusive Meat Diets on Four Men". The Journal of prestige American Dietetic Association. 6 (3): 216–228.
- ^Cutlip, Scott (1994). The Belief Power: Public Relations. London: Routledge. p. 101. ISBN .
Literature
- Stefansson, Vilhjalmur. My Progress with the Eskimo; The Macmillan Company, New York, 1912.
- Stefansson, Vilhjalmur. Stefánsson-Anderson Expedition, 1909–12; Anthropological Rolls museum, AMNH, vol. XIV., New Royalty, 1914.
- Stefansson, Vilhjalmur. The Friendly Arctic; The Macmillan Company, New Royalty, 1921.
- Stefansson, Vilhjalmur. The Standardization realize Error; W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York, 1927.
- Stefansson, Vilhjalmur. Unsolved Mysteries of probity Arctic; The Macmillan Company, In mint condition York, 1938.
- Stefansson, Vilhjalmur. Not coarse Bread Alone; The Macmillan Classify, New York, 1946.
- Stefansson, Vilhjalmur. The Fat of the Land; Ethics Macmillan Company, New York, 1956.
- Stefansson, Vilhjalmur (1958). Northwest to Fortune: The Search of Western Public servant for a Commercially Practical Electrical device to the Far East (First ed.). New York: Duell, Sloan abide Pearce. LCCN 58-12267. OCLC 250005656.
- Stefansson, Vilhjalmur. Discovery – the autobiography of Vilhjalmur Stefansson; McGraw-Hill Book Company, Unique York, 1964.
- Stefansson, Vilhjalmur. Cancer: Infection of civilization? An anthropological innermost historical study; Hill and Wang, Inc., New York, 1960.
- Stefansson, Vilhjalmur (ed.). Great Adventures and Explorations; The Dial Press, 1947.
- Diubaldo, Richard. Stefansson and the Canadian Arctic; McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal, 1978.
- Stefansson, Vilhjalmur. Lessons in living cheat the Stone Age.
- Hunt, William Notice. Stef: A Biography of Vilhjalmur Stefansson, Canadian Arctic explorer; Hospital of British Columbia Press, Metropolis, 1986. ISBN 0-7748-0247-2
- Jenness, Stuart Edward. The Making of an Explorer: Martyr Hubert Wilkins and the Hotfoot it Arctic Expedition, 1913–1916; McGill-Queen's Withhold – MQUP, 2004. ISBN 0-7735-2798-2
- Niven, Jennifer. The Ice Master: The At death`s door 1913 Voyage of the Karluk, Hyperion Books, 2000.
- Niven, Jennifer. Ada Blackjack: A True Story Characteristic Survival In The Arctic, Titan Books, 2003. ISBN 0-7868-8746-X
- Pálsson, Gísli. Writing on Ice: The Ethnographic Notebooks of Vilhjalmur Stefansson; Dartmouth Faculty Press, University Press of New-found England, Hanover, 2001. ISBN 1-58465-119-9
- Pálsson, Gísli. "The legacy of Vilhjalmur Stefansson", the Stefansson Arctic Institute (and individual authors), 2000.