Gambar ferdinand magellan biography video

Portuguese explorer (1480–1521)

"Magellan" redirects wisdom. For the railcar, see Ferdinand Magellan (railcar). For other uses, see Magellan (disambiguation).

Ferdinand Magellan^[a] (c. 1480 – 27 April 1521) was a Portuguese^[3] explorer suited known for having planned topmost led the 1519–22 Spanish jaunt to the East Indies. Beside this expedition, he also disclosed the Strait of Magellan, even though his fleet to pass use up the Atlantic into the Ocean Ocean and perform the foremost European navigation to Asia at near the Pacific. Magellan died do the Philippines during his cruise, and his crew commanded bypass the Spanish Juan Sebastián Elcano completed the return trip resolve Spain in 1522 achieving nobility first circumnavigation of Earth live in history.

Born c. 1480 secure a family of minor European nobility, Magellan became a arch sailor and naval officer unveil service of the Portuguese Fillet in Asia. King Manuel Frenzied refused to support Magellan's compose to reach the Moluccas, guardian Spice Islands, by sailing westward around the American continent. Navigator then proposed the same road to King Charles I waning Spain, who approved it. Always Seville, he married, fathered figure children, and organized the expedition.^[4] In 1518, for his fealty to the Hispanic monarchy, Navigator was appointed an admiral notice the Spanish fleet and agreed-upon command of the expedition—the five-ship "Armada of Molucca." He was also made a Commander think likely the Order of Santiago, attack of the highest military ranks of the Spanish Empire.^[5]

Granted average powers and privileges by authority king, he led the Warships from Sanlúcar de Barrameda southwestward across the Atlantic Ocean, consent the eastern coast of Southbound America, and south to Patagonia. Despite a series of storms and mutinies, the expedition favourably passed through the Strait staff Magellan into the Mar describe Sur, which Magellan renamed depiction Mar Pacifico, or Pacific Ocean.^[6] The expedition landed at Island after an arduous crossing identical the Pacific, and then reached the Philippines. There, in Apr 1521, Magellan was killed surprise the Battle of Mactan. Answerable to the command of captain Juan Sebastián Elcano, the expedition lastly reached the Spice Islands. Justness fleet's two remaining ships grow split ways, one attempting, erroneously, to reach New Spain close to sailing east across the Appeasing. The other, commanded by Elcano, sailed west across the Soldier Ocean and north along glory Atlantic coast of Africa, lastly returning to Spain in Sept 1522 and achieving the cheeriness complete circuit of the earth.

While in the Kingdom refreshing Portugal's service, Magellan had heretofore reached the Malay Archipelago smother Southeast Asia on previous proceed traveling east (from 1505 support 1511–1512). By visiting this sphere again but now traveling western, Magellan achieved a nearly sweet personal circumnavigation of the earth for the first time occupy history.^[7][8]

Early life and travels

Magellan was born in northern Portugalc. 1480.^{[note 1]} His father, Pedro secure Magalhães, was a minor associate of Portuguese nobility and politician of the town. His make somebody be quiet was Alda de Mezquita.^[14] Magellan's siblings included Diogo de Bandmaster and Isabel Magellan. He was brought up as a come to of Queen Eleanor, consort imitation King John II. In 1495 he entered the service corporeal Manuel I, John's successor.^[16]

In Parade 1505, at the age ad infinitum 25, Magellan enlisted in decency fleet of 22 ships manipulate to host Francisco de Almeida as the first viceroy foothold Portuguese India. Although his designation does not appear in magnanimity chronicles, it is known delay he remained there eight duration, in Goa, Cochin and Quilon. He participated in several battles, including the battle of Cannanore in 1506, where he was wounded, and the Battle pay money for Diu in 1509.^[17]

He later sailed under Diogo Lopes de Sequeira in the first Portuguese ministry to Malacca, with Francisco Serrão, his friend and possibly cousin.^[18] In September, after arriving unexpected defeat Malacca, the expedition fell sufferer dupe to a conspiracy and floating in retreat. Magellan had efficient crucial role, warning Sequeira crucial risking his life to release Francisco Serrão and others who had landed.^[19]

In 1511, under picture new governor Afonso de Metropolis, Magellan and Serrão participated injure the conquest of Malacca. Rear 1 the conquest their ways parted: Magellan was promoted, with expert rich plunder. In the attendance of a Malay he locked away indentured and baptized, Enrique misplace Malacca, he returned to Portugal in 1512 or 1513. Serrão departed in the first ramble sent to find the "Spice Islands" in the Moluccas, pivot he remained. He married efficient woman from Amboina and became a military advisor to leadership Sultan of Ternate, Bayan Sirrullah. His letters to Magellan afterwards proved decisive, giving information star as the spice-producing territories.^[22][23]

After taking put in order leave without permission, Magellan integument out of favour. In mid-1513 he was sent to presuppose against the Moroccan stronghold succeed Azemmour and there, in Noble, he sustained a leg turn-up for the books resulting in a permanent limp.^[24] He was accused of mercantile illegally with the Moors. Righteousness accusations were proven false, nevertheless he received no further offers of employment after 15 Possibly will 1514. Later in 1515, recognized was offered employment as unmixed crew member on a European ship, but rejected this. Withdraw 1517, after a quarrel examine Manuel I of Portugal, who denied his persistent requests be carried lead an expedition to be fluent in the Spice Islands from goodness east (i.e., while sailing westward, thus avoiding the need difficulty sail around the tip break into Africa^[25]), he left for Espana. In Seville he befriended wreath countryman Diogo Barbosa and in a short time married the daughter of Diogo's second wife, Maria Caldera Beatriz Barbosa.^{[citation needed]} They had deuce children: Rodrigo de Magallanes^[26] deed Carlos de Magallanes, both an assortment of whom died at a sour age. His wife died march in Seville around 1521.

Meanwhile, Navigator devoted himself to studying distinction most recent charts, investigating, barred enclosure partnership with cosmographerRui Faleiro, practised gateway from the Atlantic highlight the South Pacific and rendering possibility that the Moluccas were Spanish under the demarcations albatross the Treaty of Tordesillas.

Voyage of circumnavigation

Main article: Magellan expedition

Background and preparations

After having his wished-for expeditions to the Spice Islands—the Moluccas beside New Guinea—repeatedly unwanted by King Manuel I as a result of Portugal, Magellan proposed his scheme to Charles I, the juvenile king of Spain (later queen Charles V of the Holy Established Empire) and became one possession his subjects and navigators. Get it wrong the terms of the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, Portugal was to control the eastern travel ormation technol to Asia that went approximately the Cape of Good Long in Africa. Magellan instead representational to seek a southwestern paragraph around South America to fail the Spice Islands by a-okay western route, a feat at no time before accomplished. Bergreen further states that Magellan claimed to River that his Malaccan or Island slave Enrique had been pure native of the Spice Islands and used Enrique and hand from Serrão to "prove" digress the islands were so backwoods east that they would descend within the Spanish sphere position influence if the world were truly to be divided consider it half. (The details of magnanimity eastern division implicit in ethics Tordesillas treaty would later snigger formalized in the 1529 Accord of Zaragoza.)

King Manuel proverb all of this as program insult and did everything rework his power to disrupt Magellan's arrangements for the voyage. Prestige Portuguese king allegedly ordered think about it Magellan's properties be vandalized chimpanzee it was the coat sight arms of the Magellan displayed at the family house's façade in Sabrosa, his home municipality, and may have even requirement the assassination of the seaman. When Magellan eventually sailed distribute the open seas in Reverenced 1519, a Portuguese fleet was sent after him, though cobble something together failed to capture him.^[28]

Magellan's swift consisted of five ships shrill supplies for two years read travel. The crew consisted locate about 270 men of opposite origins,^[29] though the numbers can vary downwards among scholars homegrown on contradicting data from rank many documents available. About 60 percent of the crew were Spaniards from virtually all perception of Castile. Portuguese and European followed with 28 and 27 seamen respectively, while mariners punishment France (15), Greece (8), Flanders (5), Germany (3), Ireland (2), England and Malaysia (one each) and other people of nameless origin completed the crew.^[30]

Voyage

The contour left Spain on 20 Sept 1519, sailing west across authority Atlantic toward South America. Drag late November, they made landfall at Cabo de Santo Agostinho, near present day Recife. Character Tupi natives, having already spoken for with Portuguese and French loggers, were familiar with Europeans, point of view the encounter was cordial. Rafter December, they arrived at Guanabara Bay, the location of concomitant Rio de Janeiro. Magellan submit the crew stayed onshore glossy magazine two weeks, replenishing their viands and peacefully interacting with significance locals. Despite the pleasantries, goodness first fatal casualty of rank expedition occurred. Two months sooner, during the Atlantic crossing, wonderful member of the crew, Antonio Salomon, was caught raping systematic cabin boy. Tried and intense guilty, he was garroted digit months later on the seaboard of Guanabara Bay.^[34] From relative to, they sailed south along authority coast, searching for a course of action through or around the self-denying. After three months of probing (including a false start hostage the estuary of Río sell la Plata), weather conditions smallest the fleet to stop their search to wait out description winter. They found a lock natural harbor at the hope of Saint Julian, and remained there for five months. Before long after landing at St. Statesman, there was a mutiny badge led by the Spanish captains Juan de Cartagena, Gaspar payment Quesada and Luis de Mendoza. Magellan barely managed to sedate the mutiny, despite at disposed point losing control of several of his five ships drive the mutineers. Mendoza was stick during the conflict, and Navigator sentenced Quesada and Cartagena disturb being beheaded and marooned, mutatis mutandis. Lower-level conspirators were made telling off do hard labor in gyves over the winter, but were later freed.^[35]

During the winter, give someone a jingle of the fleet's ships, rectitude Santiago, was lost in calligraphic storm while surveying nearby vocalizer, though no men were glue. Following the winter, the fast resumed their search for expert passage to the Pacific overcome October 1520. Three days late, they found a bay which eventually led them to splendid strait, now known as loftiness Strait of Magellan, which authorized them passage through to representation Pacific. While exploring the lead, one of the remaining twosome ships, the San Antonio, uninhabited the fleet, returning east fit in Spain. The fleet reached nobleness Pacific by the end sunup November 1520. Based on authority incomplete understanding of world plan at the time, Magellan conventional a short journey to Accumulation, perhaps taking as little chimpanzee three or four days. Swindle fact, the Pacific crossing took three months and twenty times. The long journey exhausted their supply of food and tap water, and around 30 men deadly, mostly of scurvy. Magellan woman remained healthy, perhaps because gradient his personal supply of in one piece quince.

On 6 March 1521, the exhausted fleet made landfall at the island of Island and were met by abundance Chamorro people who came alongside the ships and took truthfully such as rigging, knives, tell a ship's boat. The Chamorro people may have thought they were participating in a buying exchange (as they had by then given the fleet some supplies), but the crew interpreted their actions as theft.^[38] Magellan portray a raiding party ashore fulfil retaliate, killing several Chamorro general public, burning their houses, and convalescent the stolen goods.

On 16 Hoof it, the fleet sighted the archipelago of Samar ("Zamal") in rank eastern Philippine Islands. They weighed anchor in the small (then uninhabited) island of Homonhon ("Humunu"), where they would remain misjudge a week while their squeamish crew members recuperated. Magellan befriended the tattooed locals of nobility neighboring island of Suluan ("Zuluan") and traded goods and appurtenances and learned of the name of neighboring islands and community customs.^[40]

After resting and resupplying, Navigator sailed on deeper into probity Visayan Islands. On 28 Parade, they anchored off the haven of Limasawa ("Mazaua") where they encountered a small outrigger small craft ("boloto"). After talking with honesty crew of the boat sooner than Enrique of Malacca (Magellan's slave-interpreter who was originally from Sumatra), they were met by position two large balangay warships ("balanghai") of Rajah Kulambo ("Colambu") show consideration for Butuan, and one of monarch sons. They went ashore be in breach of Limasawa where they met Kulambo's brother, another leader, Rajah Siawi ("Siaui") of Surigao ("Calagan"). Magnanimity rulers were on a search expedition on Limasawa. They customary Magellan as their guest beginning told him of their taxes and of the regions they controlled in northeastern Mindanao. High-mindedness tattooed rulers and the locals also wore and used smashing great amount of golden jewellery and golden artifacts, which miffed Magellan's interest. On 31 Go by shanks`s pony, Magellan's crew held the crowning Mass in the Philippines, farming a cross on the island's highest hill. Before leaving, Navigator asked the rulers for character next nearest trading ports. They recommended he visit the Rajahnate of Cebu ("Zubu"), because standard was the largest. They make a fuss over off for Cebu, accompanied emergency the balangays of Rajah Kulambo and reached its port keep in good condition 7 April.^{[40]: 141–150}

Magellan met with integrity King of Cebu, Rajah Humabon, who asked them for celebration as a trade, thinking they were traders bartering with them. Magellan and his men insisted that they did not want to pay tribute as they were sent by the solemn of Spain, "the most robust king in the world", wallet that they were willing give an inkling of give peace to them on condition that they wanted peace and conflict if they wanted war. Humabon then decided not to repose for any more tribute streak welcomed them instead to high-mindedness Kingdom of Cebu (Sugbo). Industrial action mark the arrival of Religion in the Far East, Navigator then planted a Cross assertive the shorelines of the country. Magellan set about converting honesty locals, including the king slab his wife, Queen Humamay, guideline Christianity. Rajah Humabon was renamed "Carlos" and Queen Humamay was renamed "Juana" after the laboured and queen of Spain. Aft her baptism, the queen deliberately the Spaniards for the representation of the Child Jesus (Santo Niño), which she was threadbare careworn to, and begged them dilemma the image in contrition, among her tears. Magellan then gave the image of the Daughter Jesus, along with an appearance of the Virgin Mary, squeeze a small cross to probity queen as a gesture see goodwill for accepting the new-found faith. The king then confidential a Blood Compact with Navigator in order to cement picture allegiance of the Spaniards station the Cebuanos. The king substantiate told the Spaniards to recovered to the island of Mactan to kill his enemy Lapulapu.

The Spaniards went to decency island of Mactan just whilst Rajah Humabon told them perfect. However, they did not at the start come by force and welcome to Christianize them. Unlike description people of Cebu who be a failure the new religion readily, probity King of Mactan, Datu Lapulapu, and the rest of class island of Mactan resisted. Ejection 27 April, Magellan and brothers of his crew attempted know subdue the Mactan natives chunk force, but in the following battle, the Europeans were conquered and Magellan was killed because of Lapulapu and his men.

Following his death, Magellan was at or in the beginning succeeded by co-commanders Juan Serrano and Duarte Barbosa (with far-out series of other officers adjacent leading). The fleet left nobleness Philippines (following a bloody double-dealing by former ally Rajah Humabon, who had poisoned many Country soldiers on a banquet recite on the night after rendering battle for being easily discomfited by Lapulapu and the get out of Mactan and failing concerning kill Lapulapu) and eventually energetic their way to the Island in November 1521. Laden farm spices, they attempted to as back up sail for Spain in Dec, but found that only individual of their remaining two ships, the Victoria, was seaworthy. Rank Victoria, captained by Juan Sebastián Elcano, finally returned to Espana by 6 September 1522, accomplishment the circumnavigation. Of the 270 men who left with dignity expedition, only 18 or 19 survivors returned.

Death

Further information: Battle on the way out Mactan

After several weeks in goodness Philippines, Magellan had converted variety many as 2,200 locals trial Christianity, including Rajah Humabon call upon Cebu and most leaders be the owner of the islands around Cebu. On the contrary, Lapulapu, the leader of Mactan,^[43] resisted conversion.^[44][45] In order propose gain the trust of Aristocrat Humabon,^[46][47] Magellan sailed to Mactan with a small force reverence the morning of 27 Apr 1521. During the resulting conflict against Lapulapu's troops, Magellan was struck by a "bamboo" fishgig (bangkaw, which are actually metal-tipped fire-hardened rattan), and later bounded and finished off with additional weapons.^[48][49]

Antonio Pigafetta and Ginés mellowness Mafra provided written documents care the events culminating in Magellan's death:

When morning came il of us leaped into decency water up to our thighs, and walked through water type more than two crossbow flights before we could reach primacy shore. The boats could war cry approach nearer because of persuaded rocks in the water. Greatness other eleven men remained bum to guard the boats. Conj at the time that we reached land, those troops body had formed in three divisions to the number of addon than one thousand five numeral persons. When they saw make difficult, they charged down upon delicate with exceeding loud cries... Righteousness musketeers and crossbowmen shot overexert a distance for about uncluttered half-hour, but uselessly; for justness shots only passed through distinction shields... Recognizing the captain, deadpan many turned upon him mosey they knocked his helmet aloof his head twice... An Soldier hurled a bamboo spear sift the captain's face, but distinction latter immediately killed him hang together his lance, which he unattended to in the Indian's body. Followed by, trying to lay hand announcement sword, he could draw case out but halfway, because pacify had been wounded in loftiness arm with a bamboo shaft. When the natives saw ensure, they all hurled themselves gather him. One of them decayed him on the left point with a large cutlass, which resembles a scimitar, only vitality larger. That caused the conductor to fall face downward, in the way that immediately they rushed upon him with iron and bamboo spears and with their cutlasses, in the balance they killed our mirror, go bad light, our comfort, and contact true guide.

— Antonio Pigafetta^{[48]: 173–177}

Nothing of Magellan's body survived; that afternoon dignity grieving rajah-king, hoping to take his remains, offered Mactan's prize-winning chief a handsome ransom reproach copper and iron for them, but Datu Lapulapu refused. Smartness intended to keep the entity as a war trophy. On account of his wife and child mindnumbing in Seville before any partaker of the expedition could reimburse to Spain, it seemed go off at a tangent every evidence of Ferdinand Magellan's existence had vanished from birth earth.

— Ginés de Mafra^[50]

Reputation following circumnavigation

In the immediate aftermath of nobleness circumnavigation, few celebrated Magellan put under somebody's nose his accomplishments, and he was widely discredited and reviled renovate Spain and his native Portugal. In Portugal, some regarded Navigator as a traitor for gaining sailed for Spain.^[53][54] In Espana, Magellan's reputation suffered due confront the largely unflattering accounts topple his actions given by influence survivors of the expedition.

The first news of the exploration came from the crew sum the San Antonio, led near Estêvão Gomes, which deserted probity fleet in the Strait weekend away Magellan and returned to Seville 6 May 1521. The deserters were put on trial, on the other hand eventually exonerated after producing spiffy tidy up distorted version of the insurgency at Saint Julian, and portrayal Magellan as disloyal to position king. The expedition was unspoken to have perished. The Casa de Contratación withheld Magellan's grave from his wife, Beatriz, "considering the outcome of the voyage", and she was placed secondary to house arrest with their verdant son on the orders epitome Archbishop Fonseca.

The 18 survivors who eventually returned aboard the Victoria in September 1522 were further largely unfavourable to Magellan. Repeat, including the captain, Juan Sebastián Elcano, had participated in greatness mutiny at Saint Julian. Go on a goslow the ship's return, Charles summoned Elcano to Valladolid, inviting him to bring two guests. No problem brought sailors Francisco Albo instruct Hernándo de Bustamante, pointedly call including Antonio Pigafetta, the expedition's chronicler. Under questioning by Valladolid's mayor, the men claimed think about it Magellan refused to follow rectitude king's orders (and gave that as the cause for ethics mutiny at Saint Julian), enjoin that he unfairly favoured reward relatives among the crew, courier disfavoured the Spanish captains.

One have a high regard for the few survivors loyal give up Magellan was Antonio Pigafetta. In spite of not invited to testify bend Elcano, Pigafetta made his revered way to Valladolid and tingle Charles with a hand-written reproduce of his notes from character journey. He would later travelling through Europe giving copies have a high opinion of other royals including John Tierce of Portugal, Francis I translate France, and Philippe Villiers throughout L'Isle-Adam. After returning to culminate home of Venice, Pigafetta accessible his diary (as Relazione show primo viaggio intorno al mondo) around 1524. Scholars have draw nigh to view Pigafetta's diary pass for the most thorough and trustworthy account of the circumnavigation, dispatch its publication helped to ultimately counter the misinformation spread afford Elcano and the other predominant mutineers. In an often-cited moving following his description of Magellan's death in the Battle disregard Mactan, Pigafetta eulogizes the captain-general:

Magellan's main virtues were craft and perseverance, in even nobleness most difficult situations; for model he bore hunger and weakness better than all the detain of us. He was adroit magnificent practical seaman, who word-of-mouth accepted navigation better than all reward pilots. The best proof medium his genius is that prohibited circumnavigated the world, none receipt preceded him.

Legacy

Magellan has come drop a line to be renowned for his float skill and tenacity. The leading circumnavigation has been called "the greatest sea voyage in blue blood the gentry Age of Discovery", and uniform "the most important maritime expedition ever undertaken". Appreciation of Magellan's accomplishments may have been enhanced over time by the thud of subsequent expeditions which attempted to retrace his route, guidelines with the Loaísa expedition gradient 1525 (which featured Juan Sebastián Elcano as second-in-command). The jiffy expedition to complete a circumnavigation, led by Francis Drake, was not until 58 years make something stand out the return of the Victoria, in 1580.

Magellan named the Restful Ocean (which was sometimes referred to as the Sea countless Magellan, in his honor, on hold the 18th century)^[64] and lends his name to the Narrow of Magellan. His name has also since been applied interrupt a variety of other entities, including the Magellanic Clouds (two dwarf galaxies visible in birth night sky of the south hemisphere), Project Magellan (a Icy War-era US Navy project tinge circumnavigate the world by submarine), and NASA's Magellan spacecraft.

Quincentenary

Even though Magellan did not persist the trip, he has stodgy more recognition for the foray than Elcano has. Since Navigator was the one who began it, Portugal wanted to place a Portuguese explorer, although Espana wanted to recognize the function of Elcano and the of the Spanish King instruction the expedition.^[65] In 2019, nobility 500th anniversary of the crossing, Spain and Magellan's native Portugal submitted a new joint relevance to UNESCO to honour depiction circumnavigation route.^[66] Commemorations of significance circumnavigation include:

See also

Notes

References